What is bullying primarily characterized by?

Bullying is primarily characterized by intentional and repeated aggressive behavior that is carried out to exert power over another individual, often manifesting as intimidation towards those perceived as weaker. This dynamic of power imbalance is central to the definition of bullying; it involves a perpetrator using their strength to dominate or harm a victim emotionally or physically.

The aspects of intimidation and the repeated nature of the acts highlight the systematic nature of bullying, differentiating it from other antisocial behaviors. In this context, intimidation often targets individuals who have fewer resources or support, making them vulnerable to repeated attacks.

While other options, such as frequent absence from school, excessive competition among peers, and academic dishonesty, can be negative behaviors or outcomes in a school environment, they do not encapsulate the essence and mechanics of bullying. Those behaviors may arise from various circumstances or pressures but do not inherently involve the targeted aggression and power imbalance that define bullying.